Washington Naval Treaty. Verdrag met de beperking per land, welke schepen behouden mochten worden en welke gesloopt moesten worden.
From: Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: 1922, Vol. 1, pp. 247-266.
Page 247
Treaty Series NO. 671
CONFERENCE ON THE LIMITATION OF ARMAMENT,
WASHINGTON,
NOVEMBER 12 1921-FEBRUARY 6, 1922.
Desiring to contribute to the maintenance of the general peace, and to reduce the burdens of competition in armament;
[41] In English and French; French text not printed. Ratification advised by the Senate, Mar. 29, 1922; ratified by the President, June 9, 1923; ratifications deposited with the Government of the United States, Aug. 17, 1923; proclaimed, Aug. 21, 1923.
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Met het oog op het bereiken van deze doelstellingen hebben besloten een verdrag te sluiten om hun respectieve marinebewapening te beperken, en daartoe als hun gevolmachtigden hebben benoemd;
The President of the United States of America:
Charles Evans Hughes,
Henry Cabot Lodge,
Oscar W. Underwood,
Elihu Root,
citizens of the United States;
His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India:
The Right Honourable Arthur James Balfour, O. M., M. P.,
Lord President of His Privy Council;
The Right Honourable Baron Lee of Fareham, G. B. E., K. C. B.,
First Lord of His Admiralty;
The Right Honourable Sir Auckland Campbell Geddes, K. C. B.,
His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the United
States of America;
and
for the Dominion of Canada:
The Right Honourable Sir Robert Laird Borden,
G. C. M. G., K. C.;
for the Commonwealth of Australia:
Senator the Right Honourable George Foster Pearce, Minister
for Home and Territories;
for the Dominion of New Zealand:
The Honourable Sir John William Salmond, K. C., Judge of the
Supreme Court of New Zealand;
for the Union of South Africa:
The Right Honourable Arthur James Balfour, O. M., M. P.;
for India:
The Right Honourable Valingman Sankaranarayana Srinivasa Sastri,
Member of the Indian Council of State;
The President of the French Republic:
Mr. Albert Sarraut, Deputy, Minister of the Colonies;
Mr. Jules J. Jusserand, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
to the United States of America, Grand Cross of the National Order
of the Legion of Honour;
His Majesty the King of Italy:
The Honourable Carlo Schanzer, Senator of the Kingdom;
The Honourable Vittorio Rolandi Ricci, Senator of the Kingdom, His
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary at Washington;
The Honourable Luigi Albertini, Senator of the Kingdom;
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His Majesty the Emperor of Japan:
Baron Tomosaburo Kato, Minister for the Navy, Junii, a member of the
First Class of the Imperial Order of the Grand Cordon of the
Rising Sun with the Paulownia Flower;
Baron Kijuro Shidehara, His Ambassador Extraordinary and
Plenipotentiary at Washington, Joshii, a member of the First Class
of the Imperial Order of the Rising Sun;
Mr. Masanao Hanihara, Vice Minister for Foreign Affairs, Jushii, a
member of the Second Class of the Imperial Order of the Rising
Sun;
Who, having communicated to each other their respective full powers, found to be in good and due form, have agreed as follows:
CHAPTER I.-GENERAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO THE LIMITATION OF NAVAL ARMAMENT
In addition to the capital ships specified in Chapter II, Part 1, the United States may complete and retain two ships of the West Virginia class now under construction. On the completion of these two ships, the North Dakota and Delaware, shall be disposed of as prescribed in Chapter II, Part 2.
The British Empire may, in accordance with the replacement table in Chapter II, Part 3, construct two new capital ships not exceeding 35,000 tons (35,560 metric tons) standard displacement each. On the completion of the said two ships the Thunderer, King George V, Ajax and Centurion shall be disposed of as prescribed in Chapter II, Part 2.
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the Contracting Powers except replacement tonnage which may be constructed or acquired as specified in Chapter II, Part 3.
Ships which are replaced in accordance with Chapter II, Part 3, shall be disposed of as prescribed in Part 2 of that Chapter.
However, any of the Contracting Powers may, provided that its total tonnage allowance of aircraft carriers is not thereby exceeded,
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build not more than two aircraft carriers, each of a tonnage of not more than 33,000 tons (33,528 metric tons) standard displacement, and in order to effect economy any of the Contracting Powers may use for this purpose any two of their ships, whether constructed or in course of construction, which would otherwise be scrapped under the provisions of Article II. The armament of any aircraft carriers exceeding 27,000 tons (27,432 metric tons) standard displacement shall be in accordance with the requirements of Article X, except that the total number of guns to be carried in case any of such guns be of a calibre exceeding 6 inches (152 millimetres), except anti-aircraft guns and guns not exceeding 5 inches (127 millimetres), shall not exceed eight.
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Page 253
regard to fortifications and naval bases, shall be maintained in their respective territories and possessions specified hereunder:
(1) The insular possessions which the United States now holds or may hereafter acquire in the Pacific Ocean, except (a) those adjacent to the coast of the United States, Alaska and the Panama Canal Zone, not including the Aleutian Islands, and (b) the Hawaiian Islands;
(2) Hong Kong and the insular possessions which the British Empire now holds or may hereafter acquire in the Pacific Ocean, east of the meridian of 110° east longitude, except (a) those adjacent to the coast of Canada, (b) the Commonwealth of Australia and its Territories, and (c) New Zealand;
(3) The following insular territories and possessions of Japan in the Pacific Ocean, to wit: the Kurile Islands, the Bonin Islands, Amami-Oshima, the Loochoo Islands, Formosa and the Pescadores, and any insular territories or possessions in the Pacific Ocean which Japan may hereafter acquire.
The maintenance of the status quo under the foregoing provisions implies that no new fortifications or naval bases shall be established in the territories and possessions specified; that no measures shall be taken to increase the existing naval facilities for the repair and maintenance of naval forces, and that no increase shall be made in the coast defences of the territories and possessions above specified. This restriction, however, does not preclude such repair and replacement of worn-out weapons and equipment as is customary in naval and military establishments in time of peace.
CHAPTER II.-RULES RELATING TO THE EXECUTION OF THE TREATY-DEFINITION OF TERMS
PART 1.-CapitaL Ships Which may Be Retained by the Contracting Powers
In accordance with Article II ships may be retained by each of the Contracting Powers as specified in this Part.
Name: Tonnage Maryland ................................................ 32,600 California .............................................. 32,300 Tennessee ............................................... 32,300 Idaho ................................................... 32,000 New Mexico .............................................. 32,000
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Name: Tonnage
Mississippi ............................................. 32,000
Arizona ................................................. 31,400
Pennsylvania ............................................ 31,400
Oklahoma ................................................ 27,500
Nevada .................................................. 27,500
New York ................................................ 27,000
Texas ................................................... 27,000
Arkansas ................................................ 26,000
Wyoming ................................................. 26,000
Florida ................................................. 21,825
Utah .................................................... 21,825
North Dakota ............................................ 20,000
Delaware ................................................ 20,000
-------
Total Tonnage ....................................... 500,650
On the completion of the two ships of the West Virginia class and the scrapping of the North Dakota and Delaware, as provided in Article II, the total tonnage to be retained by the United States will be 525,850 tons.
Name: Tonnage
Royal Sovereign ......................................... 25,750
Royal Oak ............................................... 25,750
Revenge ................................................. 25,750
Resolution .............................................. 25,750
Ramilies ................................................ 25,750
Malaya .................................................. 27,500
Valiant ................................................. 27,500
Barham .................................................. 27,500
Queen Elizabeth ......................................... 27,500
Warsprite ............................................... 27,500
Benbow .................................................. 25,000
Emperor of India ........................................ 25,000
Iron Duke ............................................... 25,000
Marlborough ............................................. 25,000
Hood .................................................... 41,200
Renown .................................................. 26,500
Repulse ................................................. 26,500
Tiger ................................................... 28,500
Thunderer ............................................... 22,500
King George V ........................................... 23,000
Ajax .................................................... 23,000
Centurion ............................................... 23,000
-------
Total Tonnage ....................................... 580,450
On the completion of the two new ships to be constructed and the scrapping of the Thunderer, King George V, Ajax and Centurion, as provided in Article II, the total tonnage to be retained by the British Empire will be 558,950 tons.
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Name: Tonnage
(metric tons)
Bretagne ................................................ 23,500
Lorraine ................................................ 23,500
Provence ................................................ 23,500
Paris ................................................... 23,500
France .................................................. 23,500
Jean Bart ............................................... 23,500
Courbet ................................................. 23,500
Condorect ............................................... 18,900
Diderot ................................................. 18,900
Voltaire ................................................ 18,900
-------
Total Tonnage ....................................... 221,170
France may lay down new tonnage in the years 1927, 1929, and 1931, as provided in Part 3, Section II.
Name: Tonnage
(metric tons)
Andrea Doria ............................................ 22,700
Caio Duilio ............................................. 22,700
Conte Di Cavour ......................................... 22,500
Giulio Cesare ........................................... 22,500
Leonardo Da Vinci ....................................... 22,500
Dante Alighieri ......................................... 19,500
Roma .................................................... 12,600
Napoli .................................................. 12,600
Vittorio Emanuele ....................................... 12,600
Regina Elena ............................................ 12,600
--------
Total tonnage ........................................ 182,800
Italy may lay down new tonnage in the years 1927, 1929, and 1931, as provided in Part 3, Section II.
Name: Tonnage
(metric tons)
Mutsu ................................................... 33,800
Nagato .................................................. 33,800
Hiuga ................................................... 31,260
Ise ..................................................... 31,260
Yamashiro ............................................... 30,600
Fu-So ................................................... 30,600
Kirishima ............................................... 27,500
Haruna .................................................. 27,500
Hiyei ................................................... 27,500
Kongo ................................................... 27,500
--------
Total tonnage ........................................ 301,320
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I. A vessel to be scrapped must be placed in such condition that it cannot be put to combatant use.
II. This result must be finally effected in any one of the following ways:
(a) Permanent sinking of the vessel;
(b) Breaking the vessel up. This shall always involve the
destruction or removal of all machinery, boilers and armour,
and all deck, side and bottom plating;
(c) Converting the vessel to target use exclusively. In such
case all the provisions of paragraph III of this Part, except
sub-paragraph (6), in so far as may be necessary to enable the
ship to be used as a mobile target, and except sub-paragraph
(7), must be previously complied with. Not more than one capital
ship may be retained for this purpose at one time by any of the
Contracting Powers.
(d) Of the capital ships which would otherwise be scrapped under the
present Treaty in or after the year 1931, France and Italy may
each retain two sea-going vessels for training purposes
exclusively, that is, as gunnery or torpedo schools. The two
vessels retained by France shall be of the Jean Bart
class, and of those retained by Italy one shall be the Dante
Alighieri, the other of the Giulio Cesare class.
On retaining these ships for the purpose above stated, France
and Italy respectively undertake to remove and destroy their
conning-towers, and not to use the said ships as vessels of war.
III. (a) Subject to the special exceptions contained in Article IX, when a vessel is due for scrapping, the first stage of scrapping, which consists in rendering a ship incapable of further warlike service, shall be immediately undertaken.
(b) A vessel shall be considered incapable of further warlike service when there shall have been removed and landed, or else destroyed in the ship:
(1) All guns and essential portions of guns, fire-control tops and revolving parts of all barbettes and turrets;
(2) All machinery for working hydraulic or electric mountings;
(3) All fire-control instruments and range-finders;
(4) All ammunition, explosives and mines;
(5) All torpedoes, warheads and torpedo tubes;
(6) All wireless telegraphy installations;
(7) The conning tower and all side armour, or alternatively all main propelling machinery;
and (8) All landing and flying-off platforms and all other aviation accessories.
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IV. The periods in which scrapping of vessels is to be effected are as follows:
(a) In the case of vessels to be scrapped under the first paragraph of Article II, the work of rendering the vessels incapable of further warlike service, in accordance with paragraph III of this Part, shall be completed within six months from the coming into force of the present Treaty, and the scrapping shall be finally effected within eighteen months from such coming into force.
(b) In the case of vessels to be scrapped under the second and third paragraphs of Article II, or under Article III, the work of rendering the vessel incapable of further warlike service in accordance with paragraph III of this Part shall be commenced not later than the date of completion of its successor, and shall be finished within six months from the date of such completion. The vessel shall be finally scrapped, in accordance with paragraph II of this Part, within eighteen months from the date of completion of its successor. If, however, the completion of the new vessel be delayed, then the work of rendering the old vessel incapable of further war-like service in accordance with paragraph III of this Part shall be commenced within four years from the laying of the keel of the new vessel, and shall be finished within six months from the date on which such work was commenced, and the old vessel shall be finally scrapped in accordance with paragraph II of this Part within eighteen months from the date when the work of rendering it incapable of further warlike service was commenced.
SECTION I.-RULES FOR REPLACEMENT
(a) Capital ships and aircraft carriers twenty years after the date of their completion may, except as otherwise provided in Article VIII and in the tables in Section II of this Part, be replaced by new construction, but within the limits prescribed in Article IV and Article VII. The keels of such new construction may, except as otherwise provided in Article VIII and in the tables in Section II of this Part, be laid down not earlier than seventeen years from the date of completion of the tonnage to be replaced, provided, however, that no capital ship tonnage, with the exception of the ships referred to in the third paragraph of Article II, and the replacement tonnage
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specifically mentioned in Section II of this Part, shall be laid down until ten years from November 12, 1921.
(b) Each of the Contracting Powers shall communicate promptly to each of the other Contracting Powers the following information:
(1) The names of the capital ships and aircraft carriers to be
replaced by new construction;
(2) The date of governmental authorization of replacement
tonnage;
(3) The date of laying the keels of replacement tonnage;
(4) The standard displacement in tons and metric tons of each new
ship to be laid down, and the principal dimensions, namely,
length at waterline, extreme beam at or below waterline, mean
draft at standard displacement;
(5) The date of completion of each new ship and its standard
displacement in tons and metric tons, and the principal
dimensions, namely, length at waterline, extreme beam at or below
waterline, mean draft at standard displacement, at time of
completion
(c) In case of loss or accidental destruction of capital ships or aircraft carriers, they may immediately be replaced by new construction subject to the tonnage limits prescribed in Articles IV and VII and in conformity with the other provisions of the present Treaty, the regular replacement program being deemed to be advanced to that extent.
(d) No retained capital ships or aircraft carriers shall be reconstructed except for the purpose of providing means of defense against air and submarine attack, and subject to the following rules: The Contracting Powers may, for that purpose, equip existing tonnage with bulge or blister or anti-air attack deck protection, providing the increase of displacement thus effected does not exceed 3,000 tons (3,048 metric tons) displacement for each ship. No alterations in side armor, in calibre, number or general type of mounting of main armament shall be permitted except:
(1) in the case of France and Italy, which countries within the
limits allowed for bulge may increase their armor protection and
the calibre of the guns now carried on their existing capital
ships so as not to exceed 16 inches (406 millimeters) and
(2) the British Empire shall be permitted to complete, in the case of
the Renown, the alterations to armor that have already
been commenced but temporarily suspended.
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REPLACEMENT AND SCRAPPING OF CAPITAL SHIPS
UNITED STATES
Page 260
REPLACEMENT AND SCRAPPING OF CAPITAL SHIPS
BRITISH EMPIRE
Page 261
REPLACEMENT AND SCRAPPING OF CAPITAL SHIPS
FRANCE
Page 262
REPLACEMENT AND SCRAPPING OF CAPITAL SHIPS
ITALY
Page 263
REPLACEMENT AND SCRAPPING OF CAPITAL SHIPS
JAPAN
Page 264
The word “ton” in the present Treaty, except in the expression “metric tons”, shall be understood to mean the ton of 2240 pounds (1016 kilos).
Vessels now completed shall retain their present ratings of displacement tonnage in accordance with their national system of measurement. However, a Power expressing displacement in metric tons shall be considered for the application of the present Treaty as owning only the equivalent displacement in tons of 2240 pounds.
A vessel completed hereafter shall be rated at its displacement tonnage when in the standard condition defined herein.
CHAPTER III.-MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Page 265
In view of possible technical and scientific developments, the United States, after consultation with the other Contracting Powers, shall arrange for a conference of all the Contracting Powers which shall convene as soon as possible after the expiration of eight years from the coming into force of the present Treaty to consider what changes, if any, in the Treaty may be necessary to meet such developments.
The remaining Contracting Powers shall in such case consult together with a view to agreement as to what temporary modifications if any should be made in the Treaty as between themselves. Should such consultation not produce agreement, duly made in accordance with the constitutional methods of the respective Powers, any one of said Contracting Powers may, by giving notice to the other Contracting Powers, suspend for the period of hostilities its obligations under the present Treaty, other than those under Articles XIII and XVII.
On the cessation of hostilities the Contracting Powers will meet in conference to consider what modifications, if any, should be made in the provisions of the present Treaty.
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and shall take effect on the date of the communication made to the said diplomatic representatives.
Within one year of the date on which a notice of termination by any Power has taken effect, all the Contracting Powers shall meet in conference.
The present Treaty, of which the French and English texts are both authentic, shall remain deposited in the archives of the Government of the United States, and duly certified copies thereof shall be transmitted by that Government to the other Contracting Powers.
IN FAITH WHEREOF the above-named Plenipotentiaries have signed the present Treaty.
DONE at the City of Washington the sixth day of February, One Thousand Nine Hundred and Twenty-Two.
[SEAL] CHARLES EVANS HUGHES
[SEAL] HENRY CABOT LODGE
[SEAL] OSCAR W UNDERWOOD
[SEAL] ELIHU ROOT
[SEAL] ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR
[SEAL] LEE OF FAREHAM
[SEAL] A. C. GEDDES
R. L. BORDEN [SEAL]
G. F. PEARCE [SEAL]
JOHN W SALMOND [SEAL]
ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR [SEAL]
V S SRINIVASA SASTRI [SEAL]
A SARRAUT [SEAL]
JUSSERAND [SEAL]
CARLO SCHANZER [SEAL]
[SEAL] V. ROLANDI RICCI
[SEAL] LUIGI ALBERTINI
[SEAL] T. KATO
[SEAL] K. SHIDEHARA
[SEAL] M. HANIHARA
